Income and Expenditure Survey 1995

South Africa, 1995

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zaf-css-ies-1995-v1

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Central Statistical Service

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Statistics South Africa

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Oct 25, 2012

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The data from this study are used in the following publications:

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1 South Africa survey 2000/01. 2001.

2 South Africa survey 2002/ 03. : South African Institute of Race Relations, 2003.

3 Sidiropoulos, Elizabeth, Anthea Jeffrey, Herma Forgey, Cheryl Chipps, Terence Corrigan, Thabo Mophuthing, and Andrea Helman. South Africa survey 1997/98. johannesburg: South African Institute of Race Relations, 1998.

4 Gethin, Amory. "Who benefits from public goods? Public services and inequality in post-apartheid South Africa." (2023).

5 Gethin, Amory. "Who benefits from public services? Novel evidence and implications for inequality measurement." (2024).

6 Chatterjee, Aroop, Léo Czajka, and Amory Gethin. "Redistribution without inclusion? Inequality in South Africa since the end of apartheid." (2023).

7 Chatterjee, Aroop, Léo Czajka, and Amory Gethin. "Wealth Inequality in South Africa, 1993–2017." The World Bank Economic Review (2021).

8 Chatterjee, Aroop, Leo Czajka, and Amory Gethin. "Estimating the distribution of household wealth in South Africa." WIDER Working Paper (2020).

9 Allanson, Paul, and Jonathan Atkins. "The evolution of the racial wage hierarchy in post-Apartheid South Africa." Journal of Development Studies 41, no. 6 (2005): 1023-1050.

10 Koch, Steven F, and Naomi Setshegetso. "Catastrophic health expenditures arising from out-of-pocket payments: Evidence from South African income and expenditure surveys." PLOS ONE 15, no. 8 (2020): 1-14.

11 Adato, Michelle, and Lawrence Haddad. "Targeting poverty through community-based public works programs: Experience from South Africa." Journal of Development Studies 38, no. 3 (2002): 1-35.

12 African Institute of Race Relations, South. South Africa survey 2001/ 02. : South African Institute of Race Relations, 2001.

13 Anderson G, Kermit. "Family structure, schooling outcomes, and investment in education in South Africa." Population Studies Centre, Research Report 3, no. 538 (2003).

14 Ardington, Cally, David Lam, Murray Leibbrandt, and James Levinsohn. "Savings, insurance and debt over the post-apartheid period: A review of recent research." South African Journal of Economics 72, no. 3 (2004): 604-640.

15 Ardington, Cally, David Lam, Murray Leibbrandt, and Matthew Welch. "The sensitivity to key data imputations of recent estimates of income poverty and inequality in South Africa." Economic Modelling 23, no. 5 (2006): 822-835.

16 Babita, Miriam. "Using census data to profile the poor in SA." (1995).

17 Barnes, Helen, Michael Noble, Chris Dibben, Charles Meth, Gemma Wright, and Lucie Cluver. "South Africa microdata scoping study." Centre for the Analysis of South African Social Policy Working Paper No. 6 , no. 6 (2007).

18 Bhorat, Haroon. "Economic growth and poverty reduction in Sub-Saharan Africa: Current and emerging issues." Growth, employment creation and poverty reduction: An overview evidence and possible applications to Africa (2015).

19 Bhorat, Haroon. "Labour market challenges in the post-apartheid South Africa." South African Journal of Economics 72, no. 5 (2004): 940-977.

20 Bhorat, Haroon. "Public expenditure and poverty alleviation: Simulations for South Africa." Development Southern Africa 17, no. 5 (2000): 791-805.

21 Bhorat, Haroon, and Carlene Van der Westhuizen. "Testing democracy: Which way is South Africa going?." Poverty, inequality and the nature of economic growth in South Africa (also DPRU Working Paper 12/151) (2012).

22 Bhorat, Haroon, and Rashad Cassim. "The challenge of growth, employment and poverty in the South African economy since democracy: An exploratory review of selected issues." Development Southern Africa 21, no. 1 (2004): 7-31.

23 Bhorat, Haroon, and Ravi Kanbur. Poverty and policy in post-apartheid South Africa. Cape Town, South Africa: HSRC Press, 2006.

24 Bhorat, Haroon, and Ravi Kanbur. "Poverty and well-being in post-apartheid South Africa: An overview of data, outcomes and policy." Development Policy Research Unit Working Paper 05/101 , no. 05/101 (2005).

25 Bhorat, Haroon, and Morne Oosthuizen. "The relative inflation experience of poor urban South African households." South African Reserve Bank (2005).

26 Bhorat, Haroon, and Carlene van der Westhuizen. "Poverty, inequality and the nature of economic growth in South Africa." DPRU Working Paper , no. 12/151 (2012).

27 Bhorat, Haroon, Carlene van der Westhuizen, and Elne Jacobs. The role of agriculture in poverty reduction: South Africa. 2011.

28 Booysen, Lize. "A review of challenges facing black and white women managers in South Africa." Southern African Business Review 3, no. 2 (1999): 15-26.

29 Bosch, Adel. "Evaluating South African savings data from the Income and Expenditure Surveys (IES 1995 to IES 2010/11)." PhD thesis, University of Pretoria, 2015.

30 Bray, Rachel. "Missing links? An examination of the contributions made by social surveys to our understanding of child well-being in South Africa." CSSR Working Paper , no. 23 (2002).

31 Budlender, Debbie. "The debate about household headship." Social Dynamics 29, no. 2 (2003): 48-72.

32 Budlender, Debbie. "Women, gender and policy-making in the South African context.." Development Southern Africa 14, no. 4 (1997): 513-529.

33 Burger, Ronelle. "Policy Brief: How pro-poor is the South African health system?." Stellenbosch Economic Working Papers , no. 06/07 (2007).

34 Burger, Ronelle, Caryn Bredenkamp, Christelle Grobler, and Servaas van der Berg. "Have public health spending and access in South Africa become more equitable since the end of apartheid?." Development Southern Africa 29, no. 5 (2012): 681-703.

35 Burger, Rulof, Ronelle Burger, and Servaas van der Berg. "Emergent black affluence and social mobility in post-Apartheid South Africa." Development Policy Research Unit , no. 04/87 (2004).

36 Daniels, Reza. "Consumer indebtedness among urban South African households: A descriptive overview." DPRU Working Papers , no. 01/55 (2001).

37 Daniels, Reza. "Financial Intermediation and the micro-finance Sector." TIPS 2001 Annual Forum: New direction in the South African economy, Muldersdrift, 10-12 September, 2001. Muldersdrift, South Africa, September, 2001.

38 Daniels, Reza. "Financial intermediation, regulation and the formal microcredit sector in South Africa." Development Southern Africa 21, no. 5 (2004): 831-849.

39 Daniels, Reza. "Modeling vulnerability to over-indebtedness among urban indebted households in South Africa." DPRU/FES conference on Labour Markets and Poverty, Johannesburg, 2001. Johannesburg, 2001.

40 Daniels, Reza. "Modelling vulnerability to over-indebtedness among urban indebted households in South Africa." DPRU/FES conference on labour markets and poverty in Johannesburg, South Africa, 15-16 November, 2001. Johannesburg, South Africa, 2001.

41 Daniels, Reza. "Poverty alleviation and the prospects for micro-enterprise development: Lessons from the subsistence fishing industry." TIPS Conference. Muldersdrift, 2000.

42 Demombynes, Gabriel, Chris Elbers, Jenny Lanjouw, Peter Lanjouw, Johan Mistiaen, and Berk Ozler. "Producing an improved geographic profile of poverty: Methodology and evidence from three developing countries." World Institute for Development Economic Research Working Papers , no. 2002/39 (2002).

43 Demombynes, Gabriel, and Berk Ozler. "Crime and local inequality in South Africa." Journal of Development Economics 76, no. 2 (2005): 265-292.

44 Dieden, Sten. "Homing in on the core: Households incomes, income sources and geography in South Africa." DPRU Working Paper 04/90 , no. 04/90 (2004).

45 Dieden, Sten. "Income Generation in the African and Coloured Population: Three essays on the origins of household incomes in South Africa." Economic Studies , no. 43 (2005).

46 Dieden, Sten. "Income Generation in the African and Coloured Population: Three essays on the origins of household incomes in South Africa." PhD thesis, Göteborg University. School of Business, Economics and Law, 2005.

47 Dieden, Sten. "Integration into the South African core economy: Household-level covariates." Centrre for Social Science Research (CSSR) , no. 54 (2004).

48 Fedderke, Johannes, Jeenesh Manga, and Farah Pirouz. "Challenging Cassandra: Household and per capita household income distribution in the October Household Surveys 1995-1999, Income and Expenditure Surveys 1995 & 2000, and the Labour Force Survey 2000." Economic Research Southern Africa , no. 13 (2004).

49 Finn, Arden, Murray Leibbrandt, and Morne Oosthuizen. "Poverty, inequality, and prices in post-apartheid South Africa." UNU-WIDER Working Paper , no. 2014/127 (2014).

50 Forgey, Herma, Anthea Jeffrey, Elizabeth Sidiropoulos, Cheryl Smith, Terence Corrigan, Thabo Moputhing, Andrea Helman, Jean Redpath, and Tamara Dimant. South Africa survey 1999/ 2000. Johannesburg: South African Institute of Race Relations, 2000.

51 Gumede, Dr Vusi. "Poverty and ‘second economy’ in South Africa: An attempt to clarify applicable concepts and quantify extent of relevant challenges." DPRU Working Paper 08/133 , no. 08/133 (2008).

52 Gyekye B, Agyapong. "A profile of poverty in the Limpopo province of South Africa." Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review 19, no. 2 (2003): 89-109.

53 Hirschowitz, Ros. Earning and spending in South Africa: Selected findings and comparisons from the Income and Expenditure Surveys of October 1995 and October 2000. Pretoria, South Africa: Statistics South Africa, 2002.

54 Hirschowitz, Ros, and Mark Orkin. Living in South Africa: Selected findings of the 1995 October household survey. : Central Statistical Service, 1996.

55 Hirschowitz, Ros, and Mark Orkin. "Monitoring living conditions and poverty in South Africa." United Nations Statistical Commission Expert Group Meeting on Poverty Statistics. Santiago, Chile, May, 1997.

56 Hoogeveen, Johannes G, and Berk Özler. "Not separate, not equal: Poverty and inequality in post-apartheid South Africa." William Davidson Institute Working Paper no. 739 , no. 739 (2005).

57 Kaus, Wolfhard. "Conspicuous consumption and “race”: Evidence from South Africa." Journal of Development Economics 100, no. 1 (2013): 63-73.

58 Klasen, Stephan, and Ingrid Woolard. "Surviving unemployment without state support: Unemployment and household formation in South Africa." Journal of African Economies 18, no. 1 (2009): 1-51.

59 Koch F, Steven. "Trends in South African household alcohol consumption risk factors." University of Pretoria, Department of Economics Working Paper Series , no. 2006-19 (2006).

60 Koch, Steven F, Marc Ground, and Dylan van Wyk. "South African household expenditure patterns: Alcohol products in 1995 and 2000." University of Pretoria, Department of Economics Working Paper Series , no. 2006-15 (2006).

61 Koch, Steven F, and Jeffrey S Racine. "Healthcare facility choice and user fee abolition: Regression discontinuity in a multinomial choice setting." Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A (Statistics in Society) 179, no. 4 (2016): 927-950.

62 Krugell, Waldo, and Marianne Matthee. "Measuring the export capability of South African regions." Development Southern Africa 26, no. 03 (2009): 459-476.

63 Leibbrandt, Murray, James Levinsohn, and Justin McCrary. "Incomes in South Africa after the fall of Apartheid." Journal of Globalization and Development 1, no. 1 (2005): 1-60.

64 Leibbrandt, Murray, and Ingrid Woolard. "The labour market and household income inequality in South Africa: Existing evidence and new panel data." Journal of International Development 13, no. 6 (2001): 671-689.

65 Makhatha, Nathabiseng, and Melinda Potgieter. Living in Western Cape: Selected findings of the 1995 October household survey. : Central Statistics, 1998.

66 Marx, Mayara F, Lesile London, Nadine Harker, and John E Ataguba. "Equity in household spending on alcoholic beverages in South Africa: Asessing changes between 1995 and 2011." International Journal for Equity in Health 18, no. 1 (2019): 78.

67 Marx, Mayara F, Leslie London, Nadine Harker, and John E Ataguba. "Equity in household spending on alcoholic beverages in South Africa: assessing changes between 1995 and 2011." International Journal for Equity in Health 78, no. 18 (2019).

68 Moses, Eldridge, and Derek Yu. "Migration from the Northern Cape." Southern Africa Labour and Development Research Unit , no. 32 (2009).

69 Naidoo, Jesse. "Finite-sample bias and inconsistency in the estimation of poverty maps." Southern Africa Labour and Development Research Unit , no. 36 (2009).

70 Ngepah, Nicholas. "Production, inequality and poverty linkages in South Africa." Economic Research Southern Africa Working Paper (2011).

71 Ngwane, Alfred, Venkata Yadavalli, and Francois Steffens. "Poverty in South Africa: A statistical analysis." Development Southern Africa 18, no. 2 (2001): 201-215.

72 Ngwane, Alfred K, Venkata S S Yadavalli, and Francois E Steffens. "Poverty in South Africa: statistical inference for decomposable poverty measures." Development Southern Africa 20, no. 2 (2003): 283-291.

73 Okurut N, Francis. "Access to Credit by the poor in South Africa: Evidence from household survey data 1995 and 2000." Stellenbosch Economic Working Papers , no. 13/06 (2006).

74 Oosthuizen, Morne. "Inflation inequality in South Africa." DPRU Working Paper 13/158 , no. 13/158 (2013).

75 Oosthuizen, Morné. "South Africa's generational economy." PhD Thesis, University of Cape Town, 2019.

76 Orkin, F., Olivia Qaba, and Thomas Mafela. "Living in the Eastern Cape: Selected findings of the 1995 October Household Survey." Statistics South Africa (1998).

77 Orkin M, F. "Earning and spending in South Africa." Central Statistical Service (1997).

78 Pauw, Kalie, and Liberty Mncube. "The impact of growth and redistribution on poverty and inequality in South Africa." DPRU Working Paper 07/126 , no. 07/126 (2007).

79 Phangaphanga, Martin. "Internal migration, remittances and household welfare: Evidence from South Africa." PhD Thesis, University of Cape Town, 2013.

80 Punt, Cecilia, Kalie Pauw, Esther Mohube, Benedict Gilimani, Lillian Rantho, Rosemary Leaver, Scott McDonald, Lindsay Chant, and Christine Valente. "Household expenditure patterns in South Africa -1995." PROVIDE Project Background Paper (2003).

81 Rose, Donald, and Karen E Charlton. "Prevalence of household food poverty in South Africa: results from a large, nationally representative survey." Public Health Nutrition 5, no. 3 (2002): 383-389.

82 Rose, Donald, and Karen E Charlton. "Quantitative indicators from a food expenditure survey can be used to target the food insecurity in South Africa." Journal of Nutrition 132, no. 11 (2002): 3235-3242.

83 Roth, Jimmy. "Informal micro-finance schemes : The case of funeral insurance in South Africa." Social Finance Working Paper , no. 22 (2002).

84 Seekings, Jeremy, Murray Leibbrandt, and Nicoli Nattrass. "Income inequality after Apartheid." Centre for Social Science Research Working Paper , no. 75 (2004).

85 Sender, John. "Women’s struggle to escape rural poverty in South Africa." Journal of Agrarian Change 2, no. 1 (2002): 2-49.

86 Simkins, Charles. "Can South Africa Avoid a Malthusian Positive Check?." Daedalus 130, no. 1 (2001): 123-150.

87 Simkins W, Charles. What happened to the distribution of income in South Africa between 1995 and 2001?. Johannesburg, South Africa: University of the Witwatersrand, 2004.

88 Smith G, Todd. "Feeding unrest: Food prices, food security and protest participation in Africa and South Africa." PhD Thesis, University of Texas at Austin, 2015.

89 Sowa, Agnieszka, and Christina Behrendt. "Social security in low and middle-income countries: The role of household survey data." Issues in Social Protection Discussion Paper , no. 14 (2006).

90 Torres, L. "We are emerging; emerging slowly and painfully!." Fafo Institute for Applied Social Science , no. 336 (2000).

91 van den Brink, Rogier, Glen Thomas, Hans Binswanger, John Bruce, and Frank Byamugisha. "Consensus, confusion, and controversy: Selected land reform issues in Sub-Saharan Africa." World Bank Research Working Paper , no. 71 (2006).

92 Van der Berg, Servaas, and Ronelle Burger. "Education and socio-economic differentials: A study of school performance in the Western Cape." South African Journal of Economics 71, no. 3 (2003): 496-522.

93 Van der Berg, Servaas, and Megan Louw. "Changing patterns of South African income distribution: Towards time series estimates of distribution and poverty." South African Journal of Economics 72, no. 3 (2004): 546-572.

94 Van der Berg, Servaas, Megan Louw, and Derek Yu. "Post-transition poverty trends based on an alternative data source." South African Journal of Economics 76, no. 1 (2008): 59-76.

95 Van der Berg, Servaas, Megan Louw, and Derek Yu. "Post-transitory poverty trends based on an alternative data source." Stellenbosch Economic Working Papers , no. 8 (2007).

96 van Koppen, Barbara, Hilmy Sally, Michael Aliber, Ben Cousins, and Barbara Tapela. "Water resources management, rural redress and agrarian reform." Development Planning Division Working Paper Series (DBSA) , no. 7 (2007).

97 Wittenberg, Martin. "The mystery of South Africa's ghost workers in 1996: Measurement and mismeasurement in the manufacturing census, population census and October household surveys." South African Journal of Economics 72, no. 5 (2004): 1003-1022.

98 Wittenberg, Martin. "The mystery of South Africa's ghost workers in 1996: Measurement and mismeasurement in the manufacturing census, population census and October Household Surveys." South African Journal of Economics 72, no. 5 (2004): 1003-1022.

99 Woolard, Ingrid. "An overview of poverty and inequality in South Africa." Human Science Research Council (2002).

100 Woolard, Ingrid, and Murray Leibbrandt. "Measuring poverty in South Africa." Development and Poverty Research Unit (DPRU) Working Paper 99, no. 33 (1999): 1-45.

101 Yu, Derek. "The comparability of income and expenditure surveys 1995, 2000 and 2005/2006." Stellenbosch Economic Working Papers , no. 11/08 (2008).

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